The history of all higher to existing human civilization is
the history of education and learning. The history of education can necessarily
be traced out with the history of human civilization. Human civilization does
not go ahead without education. It is obviously learning that makes human being
take a long and glorious journey from the Stone Age to the present
computerized-digital world.
The
development of science and technology and explosion of knowledge that has begun
from 18th century lead the history of education to new dimension. Now,
education goes on developing by sweeping away the obstacles and hindrances on
the way to its never ending destination.
Based
on the nature of educational development, the history of education in Nepal can
be classified into the following three periods:
5.1 Pre-democratic
period (before 2007 B.S.)
This period
extends from the ancient age to 2007 BS when Nepal witnessed a political
change. This is the period from ancient age to the establishment of Democracy
in Nepal for the first time. This period extends from the ancient period where
there was no formal type of education to the period when formal educational
system has taken place. In fact, educational history of pre-democracy period
can be divided into the following phases for convenience:
i.
Period of Indigenous Education
Indigenous Period of
Education extends from Ancient Age to 1825 BS. It is the period before
establishment of modern Nepal i.e. before the period of Prithivi Naryan Shaha.
Since there was not any form of foreign influence in education, it is called
indigenous period of education. In fact, during that period education was based
on local religion, rituals, customs, languages, culture and contemporary social
needs and aspirations. Actually, indigenous period can also be divided into
Ancient Vedic or Sanskrit Education, Buddist, Lichhivi Period, Malla Period.
Ancient
Vedic or Sanskrit Education
In this period family
and the society took the place of educatioal institutions in Nepali society.
Mothers taught the necessary household tasks to daughters so did fathers to
sons. After that different religious institutions started functioning in the
field of education. Hindu religion promoted Hindu religious scriptures like
Veda, Upanishad, Puran, Astrology, Geeta etc. Sanskrit language was the means
for the education and education was a part of religion. That is why the
curriculum was found to be based on the religion. Vedic Educational system had
a variety of educational system Gurukul, Rishikul, Devkul, Rajkl, Pitrikul.
Among them Gurukul was important.
Buddhist
System of Education
Buddhist
System of Education is based on the doctrin of Gautam Buddha.The foundation of
Buddhist education is Buddhist scripture "Tripitak". and the medium
of education was 'Pali' language. The religious teachers ''Upajya', 'Lama' or
'Monk' teach in Buddhist Monastry through lecturing, discussing and
question-answer method.When a child reaches at the age of eight, his education
will start by being monk, saving their head and wearing yellow dress which is a
symbol of adopting Buddhist doctrine spiritually and physically. Buddhism
emphasizes complete abstention from physical pleasure assuing the hedinism
leads to greater pain . Buddhist system of education remains today also in
practive in Buddhoist monastery. Buddhism prescribes to adopt eight fold paths
to achieve Nirvana such as right view, right conduct, right speech, right
actin, right livehood, right effort, right memory and right contemplation.
Education
System of Lichhivi Period
It was fourth century
when Lichhavi dynasty ruled in Kathmandu valley (Nepal). The written record of
Nepali history begins from Lichhavi regin in Nepal. During the period, art,
culture and education got high momentum. Actually during 4th crntury, Veda,
Astrology, Literature, Phlosophy, Nyaya, Karmakanda, etc. got remarkable
impetus.
Education
System of Malla Period
After Lichhavi reigh,
Malla was flurished in Nepal from 12th or 13th century. At thhat time, Samslrot
;amgiage was dp,omamt/ Edication was not for ordinary people but for Brahmans
and Buddhist monks. Malla kings of Bhaktapur wrote different plays in mix
languages. In Malla period handicrafts and other vocational subjects were found
to be developed in education system. In fourteenth centuury King Jayasthiti
Malla classified different castes in terms of work they do. At that time
Kathmandu valley was named as Nepal. Out of Kathmandu valley education got
developed in Karnali and Gandaki region, Gorkhaa, Palpa etc.
ii.
Educational Negligence Period
Educational historians take Educational Negligence
period from the rign of Prithivi Naryan Shaha to the rise of Jang Bahadur Rana.
The kings who ruled Nepal after Prithivi Naryan Shaha remained aloof to
education. Prithivi Naryan Shaha had concerned more with developing the boarder
of the country he could not give enough impetus to the educational development and
however he had managed education to the orphans of his security personnel. He
had send scholar to foreign countries to get education related to the development
of unifying process of Nepal. At this time westerns were witnessing industrial
revolution and scientific development; Nepali rulers had spent their whole
mind, money and matters to their own sake. Therefore this period is called
Educational Negligence Period.
5.2 Transition
period (2007 B.S. to 2027 B.S.)
5.3 Reform period
(2028 to 2046 B.S.)
5.4 Democratic
reform period (2046 B.S. onwards)
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